4,5 Dietary insufficiency, pernicious anemia (i.e., an autoimmune process that reduces available intrinsic factor and subsequent absorption of vitamin B 12 1,2,6,7 ), and long-term use of metformin or acid-suppressing medications have been implicated in B 12 deficiency
This is often measured through alcohol breath tests, blood tests, and alcohol urine tests
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Active cancer, especially hormone-sensitive types, where metabolic accelerators could be contraindicated
The usual dose is 1000 mcg, but it might change based on how severe the deficiency is