It was not until a genetically engineered strain of Pseudomonas denitrificans was used, in which eight of the genes involved in the biosynthesis of the vitamin had been overexpressed, that the complete sequence of methylation and other steps could be determined, thus fully establishing all the intermediates in the pathway
Vegetarians and vegans may also face challenges in obtaining adequate B12 from their diet, as the vitamin is predominantly found in animal products
Patients considering B12 injections should consult their GP for proper assessment and, if indicated, receive treatment through NHS services where safety standards and clinical governance are maintained
They are often sufficient for correcting mild dietary deficiencies (e.g., in vegans who dont consume fortified foods) and can sometimes be used for maintaining levels after an initial course of injections, provided absorption is adequately monitored by a healthcare professional
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