One of the most affected pathways was glucose metabolism, which includes metabolites such as: D-glucose, lactic acid, citric acid, and mevalonate metabolites, showing significant alterations in G93A-SOD1 compared to control cells
Although our synthesis shows increased gastrointestinal AEs and treatment discontinuation related to AEs, these challenges can generally be managed in practice through low-dose initiation, gradual up-titration, and regular monitoring 49
The efficacy of low-protein diet, branched-chain amino acids (BCAA), and lactulose are the main modern treatment approaches but are insufficient in most cases
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Berberine, dietary fibre, and omega-3 fatty acids have preliminary evidence for modest effects on GLP-1 secretion, but human studies are limited