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Susceptibility to thyroid autoimmune disease: molecular analysis of HLA-D region genes identifies new markers for goitrous Hashimotos thyroiditis

For patients without absorption disorders, high-dose oral B12 supplements (1,000-2,000 mcg daily) have been shown to be comparably effective to injections in correcting mild to moderate deficiency

Genetic and transcriptomic biomarkers Using high-throughput sequencing technologies, researchers can identify ferroptosis-related molecular markers at the genetic and transcriptomic levels

Taquet M, Geddes JR, Husain M, Luciano S, Harrison PJ

In the case of alcohol the mechanism is well described: ethanol metabolism involving the CYP2E1 enzyme releases free radicals, and these reduce the level of reduced glutathione in the liver (Lieber, Drug Metabolism Reviews 2004, PMID 15554233)